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1 party-party costs
-
2 party and party costs
Юридический термин: судебные издержки, уплачиваемые проигравшей стороной выигравшей стороне -
3 party and party costs
судові видатки, що сплачуються стороною, яка програла, стороні, яка виграла справу -
4 party and party costs
судебные издержки, уплачиваемые проигравшей стороной выигравшей стороне -
5 party, and, party, costs
dépens m entre parties, dépens m partie-partie -
6 party
група; компанія; учасник, сторона (в судовому процесі, угоди тощо); (політична) партія- party affiliation
- party and party costs
- party-appointed
- party at fault
- party committee
- party concerned
- party congress
- party convention
- party convicted
- party discipline
- party elite
- party expenses
- party girl
- party ideology
- party in a trial
- party in contempt
- party in controversy
- party in default
- party in delay
- party in fault
- party in interest
- party in office
- party in power
- party in the procedure
- party leader
- party list
- party litigant
- party member
- party not at fault
- party not in fault
- party of power
- party-opponent
- party opposition vote
- party opposition voting
- party rules
- party to a conflict
- party to a contract
- party to a crime
- party to a dispute
- party to a lawsuit
- party to a marriage
- party to a suit
- party to a trial
- party to agreement
- party to an accident
- party to an action
- party to be charged
- party to contract
- party to proceedings
- party to the charge
- party to the contract
- party to the convention
- party's moral stand
- party's premises -
7 costs, between, party, and, party
dépens m entre parties, dépens m partie-partieEnglish-French legislative terms > costs, between, party, and, party
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8 indemnify a party against certain costs or expenses
indemnify v a party against certain costs or expenses einer Partei den Ersatz gewisser Kosten [Ausgaben] zusichernEnglish-german law dictionary > indemnify a party against certain costs or expenses
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9 each party to bear his own costs
Деловая лексика: каждая сторона оплачивает свои расходыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > each party to bear his own costs
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10 cost
1) цена; стоимость2) pl судебные издержки; судебные расходы•all costs — общая сумма судебных издержек (как в суде первой инстанции, так и по апелляции);
costs in [of] litigation — судебные издержки;
costs in the cause — судебные издержки, издержки в процессе;
costs in trial court — издержки рассмотрения дела судом первой инстанции;
costs on appeal — издержки по апелляции;
- costs of administrationcosts to abide the event — издержки по апелляции;
- costs of conviction
- costs of justice
- costs of lawyer
- costs of prosecution
- accruing costs
- court costs
- double costs
- extra costs
- final costs
- indirect costs
- interlocutory costs
- legal costs
- medical costs of victims
- negligible costs
- party and party costs
- regular statutory costs
- solicitor and client costs
- statutory costs
- substantial costs
- taxed costs
- treble costs -
11 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
12 labour
1.['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun1) (task) Arbeit, diesomething is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache
2) (exertion) Mühe, die3) (work) Arbeit, diecost of labour — Arbeitskosten Pl.
4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die5)Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party
6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.be in labour — in den Wehen liegen
2. intransitive verbgo into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also academic.ru/38655/intensive">intensive 5)
3)3. transitive verblabour under a delusion — sich einer Täuschung (Dat.) hingeben
(elaborate needlessly)there's no need to labour the point — du brauchst dich nicht lange darüber zu verbreiten
* * *['leibə] 1. noun1) (hard work: The building of the cathedral involved considerable labour over two centuries; People engaged in manual labour are often badly paid.) die Arbeit3) ((in a pregnant woman etc) the process of childbirth: She was in labour for several hours before the baby was born.) die Wehen (pl.)2. verb1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) arbeiten2) (to move or work etc slowly or with difficulty: They laboured through the deep undergrowth in the jungle; the car engine labours a bit on steep hills.) sich (ab)mühen•- laborious- laboriously
- laboriousness
- labourer
- labour court
- labour dispute
- labour-saving* * *La·bour[ˈleɪbəʳ]to vote \Labour Labour wählen\Labour candidate Labourkandidat(in) m(f)* * *(US) ['leɪbə(r)]1. nafter much labour the job was at last completed — nach langen Mühen war die Arbeit endlich vollendet
2) (= task) Aufgabe fit was a labour of love — ich/er etc tat es aus Liebe zur Sache
this biography is clearly a labour of love —
the labours of Hercules — die Arbeiten pl des Herkules
3)See:→ hard labour4) (= persons) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl5) (Brit POL)this district is Labour — dies ist ein Labourbezirk
to be in labour — in den Wehen liegen, die Wehen haben
2. vtpoint, subject auswalzen, breittreten (inf)I won't labour the point — ich will nicht darauf herumreiten
3. vithey laboured hard to get the house finished on time — sie gaben sich die größte Mühe, das Haus rechtzeitig fertigzustellen
to labour under a misapprehension — sich einer Illusion (dat) hingeben
2) (= move etc with effort or difficulty) sich quälenthe engine is labouring — der Motor hört sich gequält an; (in wrong gear) der Motor läuft untertourig
to labour up a hill — sich einen Hügel hinaufquälen, mühsam den Berg hochkriechen
his breathing became laboured — er begann, schwer zu atmen
* * *A s1. (schwere) Arbeit:a labor of love eine gern oder unentgeltlich getane Arbeit, ein Liebesdienst; → hard labo(u)r, Herculean 1, Hercules2. Mühe f, Plage f, Anstrengung f:lost labor vergebliche Mühe3. WIRTSCHa) Arbeiter(klasse) pl(f), Arbeiterschaft fb) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl:cheap labor billige Arbeitskräfte;5. MED Wehen pl:be in labor in den Wehen liegen6. Schlingern n, Stampfen n (eines Schiffs)B v/i1. (schwer) arbeiten (at an dat), sich bemühen ( for sth um etwas), sich anstrengen oder abmühen ( to do zu tun)labor through sich durch Schlamm etc, a. ein Buch etc kämpfen;labor up the hill sich den Berg hinaufquälen3. stampfen, schlingern (Schiff)4. (under)a) zu leiden haben (unter dat), zu kämpfen haben (mit), kranken (an dat):labor under difficulties mit Schwierigkeiten zu kämpfen haben5. MED in den Wehen liegenC v/t1. ausführlich oder umständlich behandeln, bis ins Einzelne ausarbeiten oder ausführen, breitwalzen:labor a point auf einer Sache herumreiten umg2. obs oder poet den Boden bestellen, bebauenD adj1. Arbeits…:a) Arbeitskosten,b) Lohnkosten2. Arbeiter…:labor leader Arbeiterführer(in) ( → D 3, D 4);labor movement Arbeiterbewegung f ( → D 4);labor demand Nachfrage f nach Arbeitskräftenlabor leader führende Person in der Labour Party (Großbritanniens etc)( → D 2, D 4)labor leader Gewerkschaftsführer(in) ( → D 2, D 3);labor movement Gewerkschaftsbewegung f ( → D 2)* * *1.['leɪbə(r)] (Brit.)noun1) (task) Arbeit, diesomething is/they did it as a labour of love — etwas geschieht/sie taten es aus Liebe zur Sache
2) (exertion) Mühe, die3) (work) Arbeit, diecost of labour — Arbeitskosten Pl.
4) (body of workers) Arbeiterschaft, die5)Labour — (Polit.) die Labour Party
6) (childbirth) Wehen Pl.2. intransitive verbgo into labour — die Wehen bekommen. See also intensive 5)
1) (work hard) hart arbeiten (at, on an + Dat.); (slave away) sich abmühen (at, over mit)3)3. transitive verblabour under a delusion — sich einer Täuschung (Dat.) hingeben
* * *(UK) n.Arbeit -en f. -
13 labor
(Amer.) see academic.ru/41300/labour">labour* * *La·bor[ˈleɪbəʳ, AM -ɚ]n POL* * *(US) ['leɪbə(r)]1. nafter much labour the job was at last completed — nach langen Mühen war die Arbeit endlich vollendet
2) (= task) Aufgabe fit was a labour of love — ich/er etc tat es aus Liebe zur Sache
this biography is clearly a labour of love —
the labours of Hercules — die Arbeiten pl des Herkules
3)See:→ hard labour4) (= persons) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl5) (Brit POL)this district is Labour — dies ist ein Labourbezirk
to be in labour — in den Wehen liegen, die Wehen haben
2. vtpoint, subject auswalzen, breittreten (inf)I won't labour the point — ich will nicht darauf herumreiten
3. vithey laboured hard to get the house finished on time — sie gaben sich die größte Mühe, das Haus rechtzeitig fertigzustellen
to labour under a misapprehension — sich einer Illusion (dat) hingeben
2) (= move etc with effort or difficulty) sich quälenthe engine is labouring — der Motor hört sich gequält an; (in wrong gear) der Motor läuft untertourig
to labour up a hill — sich einen Hügel hinaufquälen, mühsam den Berg hochkriechen
his breathing became laboured — er begann, schwer zu atmen
* * *A s1. (schwere) Arbeit:a labor of love eine gern oder unentgeltlich getane Arbeit, ein Liebesdienst; → hard labo(u)r, Herculean 1, Hercules2. Mühe f, Plage f, Anstrengung f:lost labor vergebliche Mühe3. WIRTSCHa) Arbeiter(klasse) pl(f), Arbeiterschaft fb) Arbeiter pl, Arbeitskräfte pl:cheap labor billige Arbeitskräfte;5. MED Wehen pl:be in labor in den Wehen liegen6. Schlingern n, Stampfen n (eines Schiffs)B v/i1. (schwer) arbeiten (at an dat), sich bemühen ( for sth um etwas), sich anstrengen oder abmühen ( to do zu tun)labor through sich durch Schlamm etc, a. ein Buch etc kämpfen;labor up the hill sich den Berg hinaufquälen3. stampfen, schlingern (Schiff)4. (under)a) zu leiden haben (unter dat), zu kämpfen haben (mit), kranken (an dat):labor under difficulties mit Schwierigkeiten zu kämpfen haben5. MED in den Wehen liegenC v/t1. ausführlich oder umständlich behandeln, bis ins Einzelne ausarbeiten oder ausführen, breitwalzen:labor a point auf einer Sache herumreiten umg2. obs oder poet den Boden bestellen, bebauenD adj1. Arbeits…:a) Arbeitskosten,b) Lohnkosten2. Arbeiter…:labor leader Arbeiterführer(in) ( → D 3, D 4);labor movement Arbeiterbewegung f ( → D 4);labor demand Nachfrage f nach Arbeitskräftenlabor leader führende Person in der Labour Party (Großbritanniens etc)( → D 2, D 4)labor leader Gewerkschaftsführer(in) ( → D 2, D 3);labor movement Gewerkschaftsbewegung f ( → D 2)* * *(Amer.) see labour* * *(US) n.Arbeit -en f. -
14 TPC
1) Компьютерная техника: Target Platform Configuration, Transaction Processing Performance Council2) Морской термин: число тонн на 1 см осадки (судна) (tons per centimeter)3) Медицина: общий чашечный подсчёт (total plate count)4) Американизм: Talk Politics China5) Спорт: Tour Pacific Cup, Tournament Players Club, Two Point Conversion, Tournament Players' Club (сеть гольф-полей, специально построенных для проведения профессиональных турниров)6) Военный термин: Telecommunications Planning Committee, Tempest Personal Computer, Training Performance Criteria, Two-Person Control, tactical pilotage chart, technical prime contractor, total program costs, track personnel carrier, training plans conference, transport plane commander7) Техника: test point controller, total plant cost, total purchasing costs, transistor photo control, triple paper-covered wire8) Метеорология: Tropical Prediction Center9) Автомобильный термин: Рабочие характеристики шины10) Грубое выражение: Total Piece of Crap11) Телекоммуникации: The Phone Company12) Сокращение: Trade Promotion Centre, Tri-lateral Program office, COBRA, total purchasing cost, The Phone Company (из фильма The President's Analyst)13) Вычислительная техника: Transaction-Processing Performance Council, Transmit Power Control (HiperLAN/2, WLAN), The Phone Company (from classic movie: _The President's Analyst_), Transaction Processing Council (organization, Hersteller, DB)14) Нефть: tubing pressure closed, давление в насосно-компрессорных трубах при закрытом устье (tubing pressure-closed), статическое давление в насосно-компрессорных трубах15) Стоматология: Ti plasma coating16) Транспорт: Twin Piston Chamber17) Фирменный знак: The Pillsbury Company18) Деловая лексика: The Planning Collaborative, Total Private Costs20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: theoretical production capacity, total petroleum concentration, third party contractor, независимый подрядчик21) Сетевые технологии: Threads Per CPU, Transaction Processing Council, Совет по обработке транзакций, одноимённый набор стандартов для тестирования СУБД22) Полимеры: tricresyl phosphate23) Автоматика: tape preparation center24) Ядерная физика: Time Pickoff Controls25) Общественная организация: Traprock Peace Center26) Единицы измерений: Threads Per C P U27) AMEX. Top Air Manufacturing, Inc.28) Международная торговля: Technology Partnerships Canada, Trade Policy Committee -
15 Tpc
1) Компьютерная техника: Target Platform Configuration, Transaction Processing Performance Council2) Морской термин: число тонн на 1 см осадки (судна) (tons per centimeter)3) Медицина: общий чашечный подсчёт (total plate count)4) Американизм: Talk Politics China5) Спорт: Tour Pacific Cup, Tournament Players Club, Two Point Conversion, Tournament Players' Club (сеть гольф-полей, специально построенных для проведения профессиональных турниров)6) Военный термин: Telecommunications Planning Committee, Tempest Personal Computer, Training Performance Criteria, Two-Person Control, tactical pilotage chart, technical prime contractor, total program costs, track personnel carrier, training plans conference, transport plane commander7) Техника: test point controller, total plant cost, total purchasing costs, transistor photo control, triple paper-covered wire8) Метеорология: Tropical Prediction Center9) Автомобильный термин: Рабочие характеристики шины10) Грубое выражение: Total Piece of Crap11) Телекоммуникации: The Phone Company12) Сокращение: Trade Promotion Centre, Tri-lateral Program office, COBRA, total purchasing cost, The Phone Company (из фильма The President's Analyst)13) Вычислительная техника: Transaction-Processing Performance Council, Transmit Power Control (HiperLAN/2, WLAN), The Phone Company (from classic movie: _The President's Analyst_), Transaction Processing Council (organization, Hersteller, DB)14) Нефть: tubing pressure closed, давление в насосно-компрессорных трубах при закрытом устье (tubing pressure-closed), статическое давление в насосно-компрессорных трубах15) Стоматология: Ti plasma coating16) Транспорт: Twin Piston Chamber17) Фирменный знак: The Pillsbury Company18) Деловая лексика: The Planning Collaborative, Total Private Costs20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: theoretical production capacity, total petroleum concentration, third party contractor, независимый подрядчик21) Сетевые технологии: Threads Per CPU, Transaction Processing Council, Совет по обработке транзакций, одноимённый набор стандартов для тестирования СУБД22) Полимеры: tricresyl phosphate23) Автоматика: tape preparation center24) Ядерная физика: Time Pickoff Controls25) Общественная организация: Traprock Peace Center26) Единицы измерений: Threads Per C P U27) AMEX. Top Air Manufacturing, Inc.28) Международная торговля: Technology Partnerships Canada, Trade Policy Committee -
16 split
1. noun1) (tear) Riß, der2) (division into parts) [Auf]teilung, die4) (Gymnastics, Skating)2. adjectivethe splits or (Amer.) split — Spagat, der od. das
3. transitive verb,be split on a question — [sich (Dat.)] in einer Frage uneins sein
-tt-, split1) (tear) zerreißen2) (divide) teilen; spalten [Holz]split persons/things into groups — Personen/Dinge in Gruppen (Akk.) aufteilen od. einteilen
split the difference — sich in der Mitte treffen
split hairs — (fig.) Haare spalten
3) (divide into disagreeing parties) spalten4) (remove by breaking)4. intransitive verb,split [off or away] — abbrechen
-tt-, split1) (break into parts) [Holz:] splittern; [Stoff, Seil:] reißen2) (divide into parts) sich teilen; [Gruppe:] sich spalten; [zwei Personen:] sich trennen3) (be removed by breaking)Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/120834/split_away">split away- split on- split up* * *[split] 1. verbpresent participle splitting: past tense, past participle split)1) (to cut or (cause to) break lengthwise: to split firewood; The skirt split all the way down the back seam.) spalten,reißen2) (to divide or (cause to) disagree: The dispute split the workers into two opposing groups.) spalten,reißen2. noun(a crack or break: There was a split in one of the sides of the box.) der Spalt- split-level- split second
- splitting headache
- the splits* * *[splɪt]I. nthere was a three-way \split in the voting die Wählerschaft zerfiel in drei Lager4. ECON, STOCKEX Aktiensplit m, Entzweiung f, Spaltung fa two/three/four-way \split eine Aufteilung in zwei/drei/vier Teile6. (with legs)▪ the \splits pl [or AM a \split] Spagat mto do the \splits [einen] Spagat machen7. FOOD[banana] \split Bananensplit mII. vt<-tt-, split, split>1. (divide)▪ to \split sth etw teilenthe teacher \split the children into three groups der Lehrer teilte die Kinder in drei Gruppen [ein]to \split an atom ein Atom spaltento \split sth in half etw halbierento \split sth down the middle etw in der Mitte [durch]teilento \split a muffin/a roll in two einen Muffin/ein Brötchen in der Mitte durchschneidento \split shares Aktien splittento \split the vote AM POL die Stimme auf mehrere Kandidaten/Kandidatinnen verteilento \split wood Holz spaltento \split a group/a party eine Gruppe/eine Partei spaltenthe issue has \split the employers' group die Arbeitgeber haben sich über die Frage entzweitto \split a seam eine Naht aufplatzen lassento \split a log open ein Holzscheit spalten4.III. vi<-tt-, split, split>1. (divide) wood, board, wall, stone [entzwei]brechen; seam, cloth aufplatzen; fabric zerreißen; hair splissento \split into groups sich akk aufteilento \split in half entzweibrechen2. (become splinter group)hey man, let's \split before the cops come Mann, lass uns abhauen, bevor die Bullen kommen* * *[splɪt] vb: pret, ptp split1. n2) (fig: division) Bruch m (in in +dat), Entzweiung f (+gen); (POL, ECCL) Spaltung f (in +gen)there is a split in the party over... — die Partei ist in der Frage (+gen)... gespalten
there is a three-way split in the party over... — die Partei zerfällt in der Frage (+gen)... in drei Lager, die Partei ist in der Frage (+gen)... dreigeteilt
I want my split (inf) — ich will meinen Schnitt (inf)
4) plthe splits — Spagat m
jam/cream split — mit Marmelade/Sahne gefülltes Gebäckstück
6) (esp US: bottle) kleine Flasche2. adjgespalten (on, over in +dat); (COMPUT) screen geteilt3. vt1) (= cleave) (zer)teilen; wood, atom spalten; stone zerbrechen; fabric, garment zerreißen, zerschlitzen; seam aufplatzen lassenthe sea had split the ship in two — in dem Sturm zerbrach das Schiff in zwei Teile
to split hairs (inf) — Haarspalterei treiben (inf)
his lip had been split open — seine Lippe war aufgeplatzt
he split his head open when he fell — er hat sich (dat) beim Fallen den Kopf aufgeschlagen
2) (= divide) spalten; (COMPUT) screen, window teilen; (= share) work, costs, roles etc (sich dat) teilento split the difference ( fig : in argument etc ) — sich auf halbem Wege einigen; ( lit, with money etc ) sich (dat) die Differenz teilen
4. vi1) (wood, stone) (entzwei)brechen; (hair) sich spalten; (trousers, seam etc) platzen; (fabric) zerreißen; (ship) auseinanderbrechento split open — aufplatzen, aufbrechen
to split at the seams (lit) — an den Nähten aufplatzen; (fig) aus allen or den Nähten platzen
3) (inf: leave) abhauen (inf)4) (Brit inf= tell tales)
to split on sb — jdn verpfeifen (inf)* * *split [splıt]A v/t prät und pperf split1. (zer-, auf)spalten, (zer)teilen; COMPUT Bildschirm, Fenster teilen:split sth from etwas abspalten von;split a bottle eine Flasche zusammen trinken;a) WIRTSCH sich in die Differenz teilen,b) sich auf halbem Wege einigen;4. split upa) aufgliedern, untergliedern,b) auseinanderreißen6. sl (absichtlich oder unabsichtlich) verraten7. US umg Whisky etc spritzen, mit Wasser verdünnen8. PHYSa) Atome etc (auf)spaltenb) Licht zerlegenB v/i1. sich (auf)spalten, reißen2. zerspringen, (-)platzen, bersten:my head is splitting fig ich habe rasende Kopfschmerzen3. a) zerschellen (Schiff)b) fig scheiternsplit off sich abspalten7. sich teilen (on in akk)b) jemanden verpfeifen (bei)9. umg sich vor Lachen schütteln10. POL besonders US panaschieren11. sl abhauen, verschwindenC s1. Spalt m, Riss m, Sprung m2. abgespaltener Teil, Bruchstück n3. fig Spaltung f (einer Partei etc)4. fig Entzweiung f, Zerwürfnis n, Bruch m5. Splittergruppe f6. (Bananen- etc) Split n7. halbe Flasche (Mineralwasser etc)8. meist pl (als sg konstruiert)a) Akrobatik, Tanz etc: Spagat m:do the splits einen Spagat machen9. TECH Schicht f (von Spaltleder)D adj1. zer-, gespalten, geteilt, Spalt…:2. fig gespalten, zerrissen:be split (on the issue) (in der Sache) uneinig oder gespalten sein3. WIRTSCH geteilt:split quotation Notierung f in Bruchteilen* * *1. noun1) (tear) Riß, der2) (division into parts) [Auf]teilung, die4) (Gymnastics, Skating)2. adjectivethe splits or (Amer.) split — Spagat, der od. das
3. transitive verb,be split on a question — [sich (Dat.)] in einer Frage uneins sein
-tt-, split1) (tear) zerreißen2) (divide) teilen; spalten [Holz]split persons/things into groups — Personen/Dinge in Gruppen (Akk.) aufteilen od. einteilen
split hairs — (fig.) Haare spalten
3) (divide into disagreeing parties) spalten4. intransitive verb,split [off or away] — abbrechen
-tt-, split1) (break into parts) [Holz:] splittern; [Stoff, Seil:] reißen2) (divide into parts) sich teilen; [Gruppe:] sich spalten; [zwei Personen:] sich trennenPhrasal Verbs:- split on- split up* * *adj.gespalten adj.geteilt adj. n.Riss -e m.Spalt -e m.Spaltung -en f. v.(§ p.,p.p.: split)= aufteilen v.spalten v.teilen v.zersplittern v. -
17 insurance
(ince)стр., фін. 1. n страхування; a страховий; 2. страховий поліс1. система заходів оберігання власності (property²) окремою особою, компанією (company) тощо від збитків, втрат чи пошкоджень, які виникають через непередбачені обставини, напр. банкрутства (bankruptcy¹), аварії, втрату працездатності, стихійні лиха, втрату майна, смерть тощо, що відшкодовується відповідно до умов за рахунок страхових внесків (premium²); 2. угода (contract) про відшкодування втрат чи збитків, що встановлюється між двома сторонами, а саме страхувачем (insurer), який несе відповідальність за відшкодування, користуючись створеним грошовим фондом, і страхувальником (insured), який вносить страхові внески (premium) у фонд═════════■═════════accident insurance страхування від нещасних випадків; aircraft insurance авіаційне страхування; all-loss insurance страхування від усякого ризику; all-risk insurance страхування від усякого ризику; annuity insurance пенсійне страхування; automobile insurance страхування автотранспорту; automobile liability insurance страхування громадської відповідальності власників автотранспорту; aviation insurance авіаційне страхування; baggage insurance страхування багажу; blanket insurance групове страхування • загальне страхування; block insurance страхування кількох видів ризику; burglary insurance страхування від крадіжки зі зломом; business insurance страхування від простою виробництва • страхування торговельної діяльності; capital insurance страхування капіталів; car insurance страхування автомобіля; cargo insurance страхування морського вантажу • страхування карго; children's endowment insurance страхування дітей до визначеного терміну; collateral insurance додаткове страхування; collective insurance групове страхування; comprehensive insurance загальне страхування; compulsory insurance обов'язкове страхування; concurrent insurance подвійне страхування; construction risks insurance страхування будівельного ризику; contingency insurance страхування на випадок виникнення надзвичайних обставин; contract guarantee insurance страхування на випадок невиконання однією зі сторін контрактних зобов'язань; cooperative insurance кооперативне страхування; credit insurance страхування кредитів • страхування від несплати боргу; credit life insurance кредитне страхування життя; credit risk insurance страхування кредитного ризику; currency risk insurance страхування валютного ризику; deposit insurance страхування депозитів; disability insurance страхування на випадок втрати працездатності; double insurance подвійне страхування; employer's liability insurance страхування допомоги, що виплачується робітникам за втрати працездатності в результаті нещасного випадку; employment insurance страхування службовців • страхування робітників; endowment insurance страхування до визначеного строку • страхування-вклад; export insurance експортне страхування; export credit insurance страхування експортних кредитів; fidelity insurance страхування від фінансових втрат, пов'язаних зі зловживаннями службовців; fidelity guarantee insurance страхування від фінансових втрат, пов'язаних зі зловживаннями службовців; fire insurance страхування від пожежі; fleet policy insurance страхування автотранспорту, що належить компанії; floater policy insurance страхування рухомого майна; freight insurance страхування фрахту; full insurance страхування від усякого ризику; group insurance групове страхування; group creditor insurance поліс групового страхування боржників, що видається кредиторові; group life insurance групове страхування життя; guarantee insurance гарантійне страхування; health insurance страхування на випадок хвороби; home owner's policy insurance комплексне страхування домашнього майна; hospitalization insurance страхування медичних витрат; household insurance комплексне страхування домашнього майна; industrial insurance виробниче страхування; liability insurance страхування відповідальності; life insurance страхування життя; limited policy insurance страховий поліс, обмежений конкретними страховими випадками; livestock insurance страхування худоби; loan insurance страхування позик; luggage insurance страхування багажу; malpractice insurance страхування на випадок судового переслідування; marine insurance морське страхування; medical insurance страхування медичних витрат; miners' insurance страхування шахтарів; mortgage insurance страхування іпотечної заборгованості; motor vehicle passenger insurance страхування автопасажирів; mutual insurance взаємне страхування; national insurance державне страхування; no-fault insurance страхування транспортного засобу незалежно від винуватця аварії; obligatory insurance обов'язкове страхування; ocean insurance морське страхування; ocean marine insurance морське страхування; old age insurance страхування на старість; open insurance страхування рухомого майна; ordinary insurance звичайне страхування життя; partial insurance часткове страхування; participating insurance страхування з участю в прибутках компанії; partnership insurance страхування життя учасників фірми; personal insurance особисте страхування; personal accident and sickness insurance страхування від нещасних випадків і хвороби; personal liability insurance страхування особистої відповідальності; pluvial insurance страхування від збитків у результаті поганої погоди • страхування від збитків у результаті дощу; private insurance індивідуальне страхування; private health insurance індивідуальне медичне страхування; products guarantee insurance страхування на випадок претензій з боку покупців у зв'язку з низькою якістю або дефектами товару; products liability insurance страхування відповідальності за вироблену продукцію; professional indemnity insurance страхування професійної відповідальності; property insurance майнове страхування; property damage insurance страхування майна від ушкодження; public liability insurance страхування відповідальності за збитки споживачів; real estate insurance страхування нерухомого майна; reciprocal insurance взаємне страхування; rent insurance страхування ренти; replacement insurance страхування майна, за якого відшкодування виплачується в розмірі вартості нового майна; residence contents insurance страхування домашнього майна; retirement income insurance страхування пенсії за віком; social insurance соціальне страхування; stock insurance страхування акціонерної компанії • страхування товару; strike insurance страхування від страйку; supplementary insurance додаткове страхування; technical risk insurance страхування технічного ризику; term insurance страхування на обмежений термін; theft insurance страхування на випадок крадіжки; third party insurance страхування третьої сторони; third party liability insurance страхування для можливого відшкодування третьої сторони; transit insurance транзитне страхування; transport insurance транспортне страхування; travel insurance страхування туристів; traveller's accident insurance страхування туристів; unemployment insurance страхування на випадок безробіття; voluntary insurance добровільне страхування; worker's compensation insurance страхування компенсацій у випадку травматизму; workmen's compensation insurance страхування допомоги, що виплачується робітникам у випадку втрати працездатності в результаті нещасного випадку на виробництві═════════□═════════insurance activities страхова діяльність; insurance adjuster оцінювач розміру страхового збитку; insurance against all risks страхування від всякого ризику; insurance against breakage страхування від поломки; insurance against burglary and theft страхування від крадіжки; insurance against commercial risks страхування від комерційного ризику; insurance against damage by dry rot страхування від ушкодження деревним грибком; insurance against damage by xylophaga страхування від ушкодження дерева деревним жучком; insurance against default страхування від невиконання зобов'язання; insurance against inheritance tax страхування від податку на спадщину; insurance against loss by redemption страхування від курсових втрат при викупленні цінних паперів; insurance against natural calamities страхування від стихійного лиха; insurance against risk страхування ризику; insurance against third party risks обов'язкове страхування громадянської відповідальності; insurance against total loss страхування від повної загибелі; insurance agent страховий агент; insurance amount загальна сума страхування; insurance application заява про страхування; insurance Association страхова асоціація; insurance bonus страхова премія; insurance broker страховий маклер; insurance business страхова справа; insurance certificate страхове свідоцтво; insurance claim страхова заява; insurance company страхова компанія; insurance contract контракт страхування • договір страхування; insurance costs страхові витрати; insurance cover обсяг страхової відповідальності; insurance document страховий документ; insurance expenditure витрати на страхування; insurance fraud шахрайство при страхуванні; insurance holder власник страхового полісу; insurance incorporating a waiting period страхування життя, що набуває чинності після визначеного періоду; insurance industry страхування (як галузь економіки); insurance in force чинний договір страхування; insurance inspector страховий інспектор; insurance law закон про страхування; insurance loss страховий збиток • збитки при страхуванні; insurance market ринок страхування; insurance monopoly монополія страхування; insurance number номер страхового договору; insurance on a contingency basis страхування на випадок виникнення надзвичайних обставин; insurance on a premium basis страхування з оплатою страхових внесків; insurance payment страховий платіж; insurance period термін страхування; insurance policy страховий поліс; insurance policy number номер страхового полісу; insurance portfolio портфель страхових документів • страхова книжка; insurance premium страховий внесок • страхова премія; insurance proposal пропозиція про страхування; insurance protection обсяг страхової відповідальності; insurance rate ставка страхової премії; insurance scheme система страхування; insurance sum сума страхування; insurance Supervisory Authority управління контролю за страхуванням; insurance syndicate страхова компанія • страховий синдикат; insurance tax податок на страхування; insurance technique спосіб страхування; insurance terms and conditions терміни й умови страхування; insurance with bonus страхування з участю в прибутках компанії; insurance with index clause страхування із застереженням про індексацію; insurance with medical examination страхування з попереднім медичним оглядом; insurance without medical examination страхування без попереднього медичного огляду; insurance with waiting period страхування з відстроченням відповідальності страхувача; insurance year рік страхування; to arrange insurance організовувати/організувати страхування; to cancel insurance анульовувати/анулювати страхування • скасовувати/скасувати страхування; to carry insurance бути застрахованим; to issue insurance видавати/видати страхування; to provide insurance давати/дати страхування; to suspend insurance припинити/припиняти страхування; to take out insurance страхуватися/застрахуватися; to undertake insurance брати/взяти на себе відповідальність за страхуванняinsurance¹ — ім. асекурація, прикм. асекураційний (зах. укр., діас.); insurance² — асекурація═════════◇═════════асекурація < польс. asekuracja — забезпечення < лат. assecuratio — забезпечення, убезпечення (Фасмер 1: 93); форма «асекурація» засвідчується у писемних пам'ятках з XVII ст., напр. 1616 р.: «...На що и асекурацию, на часъ помененый заплаты гроший таковыхъ пѣнязий, паномъ брацтву на себе далъ» (ISUJ: 38); форма «ассекурація» засвідчується у писемних пам'ятках з XVIII ст.: «...Заходить насъ въ тихъ вашихъ панскихъ ассєкурацияхъ и облѣгах нѣякаясь вонтпливость» (ISUJ: 38); пор. рос. форму «ассекурация», що засвідчується у XVII ст. (Фасмер 1: 93)▹▹ assurance* * * -
18 hold
A n1 (grasp, grip) prise f ; to get hold of attraper [rope, handle] ; to keep (a) hold of ou on tenir [ball, rail, hand] ; ⇒ catch, grab, grasp, seize, take ;2 ( possession) to get hold of se procurer [book, ticket, document] ; [press] avoir vent de [story] ; découvrir [details, information] ;4 ( control) emprise f (on, over sur) ; to have a hold on ou over sb avoir de l'emprise sur qn ; to get a hold of oneself se reprendre ;7 (of hairspray, gel) fixation f ; normal/extra hold fixation normale/extra-forte.1 ( clasp) tenir [object, hand, person] (above, over au-dessus de ; against contre) ; to hold sth in one's hand tenir qch à la main [brush, pencil, stick] ; ( enclosed) tenir qch dans la main [button, coin, sweet] ; to hold sth/sb by tenir qch/qn par [handle, stem, sleeve, leg] ; to hold one's stomach/head (in pain) se tenir l'estomac/la tête (à cause de la douleur) ; to hold sb (in one's arms) serrer qn dans ses bras ; to hold each other se serrer l'un contre l'autre ; can you hold my bag for me? tu peux me tenir mon sac? ;2 ( maintain) to hold one's head upright/still tenir sa tête droite/immobile ; to hold one's hands apart/still tenir ses mains écartées/immobiles ; to hold a pose/smile garder une pose/un sourire ; to hold sth in place ou position maintenir qch en place ; to hold one's speed maintenir sa vitesse ;3 ( arrange) organiser, tenir [meeting, talks] ; organiser [competition, ballot, demonstration, course, election] ; organiser, donner [party, reception] ; organiser, monter [exhibition, show] ; avoir [conversation] ; célébrer [church service] ; mener [enquiry] ; faire passer [interview] ; to be held avoir lieu ;4 ( have capacity for) [box, case, tank] (pouvoir) contenir [objects, amount] ; [theatre, room] avoir une capacité de [350 people] ; the bus holds ten (people) le bus a dix places ; to (be able to) hold one's drink ou liquor tenir l'alcool ;6 ( support) [shelf, fridge, branch, roof] supporter [weight, load, crate] ; the branch won't hold you la branche ne supportera pas ton poids ;7 ( restrain) [dam, wall] retenir, contenir [water, flood waters] ; [person] tenir [dog] ; maîtriser [thief] ; there is/there'll be no holding him fig on ne peut/pourra plus l'arrêter ;8 ( keep against will) [police, kidnappers] détenir [person] ; to hold sb prisoner/hostage garder qn prisonnier/en otage ;9 ( possess) détenir, avoir [shares, power, record, playing card] ; être titulaire de [degree, sporting title, cup] ; occuper [job, position] ; avoir, être en possession de [ticket, passport, licence] ; porter [title] ; Jur, gen [bank, computer, police, solicitor] conserver [document, information, money] ; avoir [mortgage] ;10 ( keep back) garder [place, seat, ticket] ; faire attendre [train, flight] ; mettre [qch] en attente [letter, order] ; hold it ○ ! minute ○ ! ; hold everything! arrête tout! ; two burgers, but hold the mustard! deux hamburgers, sans moutarde ;11 ( believe) avoir [opinion, belief] ; to hold sb/sth to be tenir qn/qch pour, considérer qn/qch comme ; to hold that [person] soutenir que ; [law, theory] dire que ; to hold sb liable ou responsible tenir qn pour responsable ;12 ( defend successfully) Mil tenir [territory, city, bridge] ; Pol, Sport conserver [title, seat, lead, position] ; ( in tennis) to hold one's serve ou service gagner or remporter son service ; to hold one's own [person] se défendre tout seul (against contre) ; [army] tenir bon (against devant) ;14 Telecom to hold the line patienter, rester en ligne ; can you hold the line please ne quittez pas s'il vous plaît ;15 Mus tenir [note] (for pendant) ;16 Aut to hold the road tenir la route.1 ( remain intact) [rope, shelf, bridge, dam, glue] tenir ; fig ( also hold good) [theory, offer, objection, law] tenir ;3 Telecom patienter ;4 ( remain steady) hold still! tiens-toi tranquille!1 Telecom en attente ; to put sb on hold Telecom faire patienter qn ; to put a call on hold Telecom mettre un appel en attente ;2 to put one's plan/a project on hold gen laisser ses projets/un projet en suspens.■ hold against: to hold sth against sb reprocher qch à qn ; to hold it against sb that en vouloir à qn parce que ; I don't hold it against him/them je ne lui/leur en veux pas ; your age could be held against you ton âge pourrait jouer en ta défaveur.■ hold back:▶ hold back se retenir ; to hold back from doing se retenir de faire, préférer ne pas faire ;▶ hold [sb/sth] back, hold back [sb/sth]1 ( restrain) contenir [water, tide, crowd, animals] ; retenir [hair, tears] ; retenir [person] ; refouler [feelings] ; contenir [anger] ; to hold back one's laughter se retenir or s'empêcher de rire ;2 ( prevent progress of) ( involuntarily) [person] retarder [person, group] ; ( deliberately) [person] retenir [person] ; [background, poor education] gêner [person] ; entraver [production, progress, development] ;3 ( withhold) [person, government, organization] cacher [information, result] ; ( to protect privacy) tenir [qch] secret, ne pas divulguer [name, information, identity] ; [person, company] différer [payment].■ hold down:▶ hold [sb/sth] down, hold down [sb/sth]1 ( prevent from moving) maintenir [qch] en place [tent, carpet, piece of paper] ; tenir, maîtriser [person] ;2 ( press down) appuyer sur [pedal, key] ;3 ( keep at certain level) limiter [number, rate, expenditure, costs, inflation] ; limiter l'augmentation de [wages, taxes, prices] ;■ hold in:▶ hold [sth] in, hold in [sth]1 ( restrain) réprimer, contenir [feeling, anger, disappointment] ;2 ( pull in) rentrer [stomach, buttocks].■ hold off:▶ hold off [enemy] accorder un répit ; [creditors] accorder un délai ; I hope the rain holds off j'espère qu'il ne pleuvra pas ; the rain held off until after the match il s'est mis à pleuvoir après le match ; to hold off buying/making a decision reporter l'achat/la décision à plus tard ; he held off leaving until the weekend il a reporté son départ au week-end ;▶ hold [sb] off, hold off [sb] tenir [qn] à distance [enemy, creditor, journalists] ; faire patienter [client] ;▶ hold [sth] off repousser [attack].■ hold on:▶ hold on1 ( wait) gen attendre ; Telecom patienter ; ‘hold on, I'll just get him’ ( on telephone) ‘ne quittez pas, je vais le chercher’ ;2 ( grip) tenir (with de, avec) ; ‘hold on (tight)!’ ‘tiens-toi (bien)!’ ;3 ( endure) [person, company] tenir ;▶ hold [sth] on [screw, glue] maintenir [qch] en place ; to be held on with sth [door, handle, wheel] être maintenu par qch.■ hold on to:▶ hold on to [sb/sth]1 ( grip) s'agripper à [branch, railing, rope] ; s'agripper à, se tenir à [person] ; ( to prevent from falling) agripper, retenir [person] ; serrer [object, purse] ; (bien) tenir [dog] ;2 ( retain) conserver [power, title, lead] ; garder [shares, car] ; to hold on to one's dreams fig s'accrocher à ses rêves ; to hold on to one's ou the belief that persister à croire que ;3 ( look after) garder [object] (for pour).■ hold out:▶ hold out1 ( endure) tenir le coup, tenir bon ; to hold out against tenir bon devant [enemy, changes, threat] ;2 ( remain available) [supplies, food, stocks] durer ;▶ hold [sth] out, holdout [sth] tendre [glass, money, ticket] (to à) ; to hold out one's hand/leg tendre la main/la jambe ;▶ hold out [sth] garder, conserver [hope] ; I don't hold out much hope je ne me fais guère d'illusions, je n'ai plus beaucoup d'espoir ; they don't hold out much hope of finding him ils ont perdu presque tout espoir de le retrouver ; to hold out for insister pour obtenir [pay rise, increase] ; to hold out on sb ○ cacher des choses à qn ; they know something, but they're holding out on us ils sont au courant mais ils nous cachent quelque chose.■ hold over:▶ hold [sth] over, hold over [sth]1 ( postpone) ajourner [question, programme] ;■ hold to:▶ hold to [sth] s'en tenir à [belief, opinion, decision] ;▶ hold sb to [sth] faire tenir [qch] à qn [promise] ; faire honorer [qch] à qn [contract, offer] ; I'll hold you to that! je note!, je m'en souviendrai!1 ( not break) [car, shoes, chair] tenir ;▶ hold [sth] together1 ( keep intact) faire tenir [car, machine, chair] ; maintenir ensemble [papers, pieces] ; to be held together with sth tenir avec qch ;2 ( unite) assurer la cohésion de [company, party, government] ; my mother held the family together la famille est restée unie grâce à ma mère.■ hold up:▶ hold up2 ( remain valid) [theory, argument] tenir ;▶ hold [sb/sth] up, hold up [sb/sth]1 ( support) soutenir [shelf, picture] ; tenir [trousers, stockings] ; to be held up by ou with sth tenir avec qch ;3 ( display) to hold sb/sth up as an example ou model of présenter qn/ qch comme un exemple de ; to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule, ridiculiser qn ;4 ( delay) retarder [person, flight] ; ralentir [production, traffic] ; arrêter, interrompre [procession] ;5 ( rob) attaquer [train, bank, person].■ hold with: not to hold with ne pas être d'accord avec [idea, system] ; être contre [television, imitations etc] ; he doesn't hold with teaching children French il est contre le fait qu'on enseigne le français aux enfants. -
19 a
ə I сущ.;
мн. - As, A's, Aes
1) первая буква англ. алфавита
2) муз. ля
3) амер. отлично (высшая отметка в школе) to get an A ≈ получить пятерку, получить отлично to get straight A's ≈ учиться на круглые пятерки
4) мат. обозначение известного числа
5) первоклассная дорога Those roads are all of the first, or A, category. ≈ Эти дороги все первой, или А, категории.
6) группа крови A
7) социол. обозначает самый высокий в ряду социальных классов;
более высокий административный или профессиональный класс;
члена этого класса Almost every household in social classes A and B possessed a dictionary in May
1982. ≈ Почти каждая семья, относящаяся к социальным классам A и B, имела словарь в мае 1982 года.
8) A 1 амер. A No. 1 судно первого класса в регистре Ллойда: новое судно или восстановленное, реставрированное судно;
перен. первоклассный, превосходный ∙ from A to Z ≈ с начала и до конца;
от альфы до омеги, от а до я to know smth. from A to Z ≈ знать что-л. в совершенстве not to know A from B ≈ быть невежественным II (полная форма) ;
(редуцированная форма) артикль неопределенный артикль (а - перед согласными, перед eu и перед u, когда u произносится как [ju:];
an - перед гласными и перед немым h;
напр.: a horse, но an hour;
a European, a union, но an umbrella;
тж. a one)
1) употребляется перед исчисляемым существительным в ед. числе и придает ему обобщающее значение: любой, все равно какой We need a new car. ≈ Нам нужна новая машина. (какая-нибудь) I spoke to a doctor. ≈ Я поговорю с доктором. (любым)
2) один a hundred years ≈ сотня лет a dozen eggs ≈ дюжина яиц a metre of fabric ≈ метр ткани
3) употребляется с некоторыми квантификаторами little, few, good many, great many и перед счетными существительными dozen ≈ дюжина, score ≈ два десятка a great many years ≈ много лет a few stars ≈ несколько звезд
4) тот же самый, такой же, одинаковый all of a size ≈ все одного размера, все одной и той же величины two at a time ≈ два в одно и то же время
5) с неисчисляемыми существительными указывает на порцию, единицу чего-л. two coffees and a tea ≈ две чашечки кофе и одна чая
6) каждый A dog has four legs. ≈ (Каждая) собака имеет четыре ноги. twice a day ≈ два раза в день
7) перед именем автора обозначает произведение литературы или искусства a Van Gogh ≈ картина Ван Гога
8) некий a Mr. Henry Green ≈ некий мистер Генри Грин
9) придает имени собственному нарицательный характер a Cicero in eloquence ≈ по красноречию прямо Цицерон
10) придает имени собственному значение принадлежности к семье She married an Evans. ≈ Она вышла замуж за одного из Эвансов.
11) образует множественное число в оборотах с many: many a man ≈ многие люди many a book ≈ многие книги many a day ≈ многие дни III гл. сокращенная разговорная форма глагола have: a done! = have done, a mind! = have a mind;
в современном употреблении представляет разговорное или диалектное произношение have в сочетаниях could have, must have, should have и т. п.: coulda, musta, shoulda и т. п. If I'd a known there was a luncheon party on I'd a stayed home. E. Wilson) ≈ Если бы я знал, что там будет званый обед, я бы остался дома. IV сокр. от afternoon после полудня, пополудни;
послеобеденное время;
днем V сокр. от age возраст VI сокр. от acre акр (4047 кв. м)a амер. высшая отметка за классную работу;
straight A "круглое отлично" A 1-й класс в судовом регистре Ллойда ~ каждый;
twice a day два раза в день ~ муз. ля ~ некий;
a Mr. Henry Green некий мистер Генри Грин ~ грам. неопределенный артикль ~ один;
it costs a penny это стоит одно пенни A разг. первоклассный, превосходный;
прекрасно, превосходно( амер. A No.
1) ~ (обыкн. после all of, many of) такой же, одинаковый;
all of a size все одной и той же величины ~ (перед little, few;
good (или great) many и перед счетными существительными) a dozen дюжина, a score два десятка;
a little water (time, happiness) немного воды (времени, счастья) ~ условное обозначение( чего-л.) первого по порядку, сортности an: an грам. неопределенный артикль см. a~ (перед little, few;
good (или great) many и перед счетными существительными) a dozen дюжина, a score два десятка;
a little water (time, happiness) немного воды( времени, счастья)~ few days (books) несколько дней( книг) ;
a good (или great) many days (books) очень много дней( книг)~ few days (books) несколько дней (книг) ;
a good (или great) many days (books) очень много дней (книг)~ (перед little, few;
good (или great) many и перед счетными существительными) a dozen дюжина, a score два десятка;
a little water (time, happiness) немного воды (времени, счастья)~ (перед little, few;
good (или great) many и перед счетными существительными) a dozen дюжина, a score два десятка;
a little water (time, happiness) немного воды (времени, счастья)~ (обыкн. после all of, many of) такой же, одинаковый;
all of a size все одной и той же величиныfrom A to Z в совершенстве;
полностью from A to Z с начала и до конца~ один;
it costs a penny это стоит одно пенни~ некий;
a Mr. Henry Green некий мистер Генри Гринa амер. высшая отметка за классную работу;
straight A "круглое отлично"~ каждый;
twice a day два раза в день -
20 work
wə:k
1. сущ.
1) работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело to quit, stop work ≈ окончить работу, завершить работу They quit work at one o'clock. ≈ Они окончили работу в час дня. to set, get to work ≈ приняться за дело They never do any work. ≈ Они всегда бездельничают. backbreaking work easy work exhausting work hard work paper work physical work shoddy work slipshod work sloppy work social work tiring work undercover work Syn: labour
2) место работы;
занятие;
должность They are still at work. ≈ Они все еще на работе. to go to work ≈ пойти на работу, начать работать to return to work ≈ возвратиться на работу, выйти на работу She'd have enough money to provide for her children until she could find work. ≈ У нее было достаточно денег, чтобы обеспечить детей, пока она не устроится на работу. What kind of work do you do? ≈ Кем вы работаете? Many people travel to work by car. ≈ Многие едут на работу на машине.
3) а) действие, поступок dirty work ≈ грязное дело, грязный, низкий поступок б) мн. дела, деяния
4) продукт, результат деятельности кого-л. или чего-л. а) изделие, продукт delicate, meticulous, precise work ≈ тонкая работа, изящная работа It can help to have an impartial third party look over your work. ≈ Будет полезно, если бы вашу работу (ваше изделие) осмотрел кто-нибудь незаинтересованный. That's a beautiful piece of work. ≈ Это прекрасная работа. б) продукт, эффект, результат ( от работы какого-л. механизма, структуры) careful police work ≈ высокопрофессиональная работа полиции clever camera work ≈ толковая операторская работа в) произведение, работа, сочинение, труд (письменный научного, политического или художественного характера) to exhibit, hang one's works ≈ выставлять чьи-л. полотна (в картинной галерее, в выставочном зале) In my opinion, this is Rembrandt's greatest work. ≈ Я думаю, это самое значительное произведение Рембранта. Under his arm, there was a book which looked like the complete works of Shakespeare. ≈ Он нес под мышкой том, который напоминал полное собрание сочинений Шекспира. collected works published works selected works
5) предприятие, завод, фабрика Syn: plant II, factory
6) а) обыкн. мн.;
воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления, оборонительные сооружения б) мн. инженерно-технические сооружения
7) мн. механизм (работающие или движущиеся части какого-л. механизма) works of a clock ≈ часовой механизм
8) мастерство, умение, искусство выполнения, обработка Syn: workmanship, execution
9) вышивание, рукоделие, шитье
10) брожение, ферментация Syn: fermentation
11) физ. работа unit of work ≈ единица работы ∙ I've had my work cut out for me. ≈ У меня дела по горло. to get the works амер. ≈ попасть в переплет to give the works ≈ взять кого-л. в оборот, в работу to go to work on smb. ≈ "обрабатывать" кого-л., оказывать давление на кого-л. to make hard work (of smth.) ≈ преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) to make sure work (with smth.) ≈ обеспечить свой контроль над чем-л.
2. прил. рабочий work clothes ≈ рабочая одежда;
спецодежда
3. гл.
1) работать, заниматься( at - чем-л.), работать в какой-л. области to work hard, to work strenuously ≈ усердно работать, усиленно работать They were working on a new book. ≈ Они работали над новой книгой. You have to work at being friendlier with people. ≈ Тебе нужно учиться быть мягче в общении с людьми She works for a large firm. ≈ Она работает в большой компании She worked herself into a rage. ≈ Она вошла в раж( вдохновилась какой-л. деятельностью) She worked a few jokes into her speech. ≈ Она вставила несколько шуток в свою речь. to work through difficult material ≈ разбираться в трудном материале to work towards a common goal ≈ идти к общей цели to work closely with one's colleagues ≈ работать бок о бок с коллегами to work like a horse/navvy/nigger/slave ≈ работать как вол to work as ≈ работать в качестве( кого-л.), работать (кем-л.)
2) а) функционировать, действовать The pump will not work. ≈ Насос не работает. б) перен. идти, складываться;
иметь действие Our family life does not work any more. ≈ Наша семейная жизнь разладилась (больше не складывается). The medicine did not work. ≈ Лекарство не помогло.
3) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. тж. wrought осуществлять, совершать to work miracles ≈ совершать чудеса Syn: effect
2.
4) а) заставлять работать, приводить в действие He worked them nearly to death. ≈ Он заставлял их работать до полного изнеможения. б) эксплуатировать, использовать( чей-л. труд, функциональность какого-л. аппарата) Syn: exploit II в) управлять, осуществлять управление( чем-л.) Syn: This computer is worked from a central server. ≈ Управление этим компьютером осуществляется с центрального сервера.
5) а) быть в движении His face worked with emotion. ≈ Его лицо подергивалось от волнения. б) перен. бродить, вызывать брожение Syn: ferment
2.
6) придумывать, разрабатывать, устраивать( что-л.) He can work it so that you can take your vacation. ≈ Он может устрить все так, что ты сможешь взять отпуск. Syn: contrive, arrange
7) заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out)
8) пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) to work loose, to work free of ≈ высвободиться, выпростаться ('пробиться' наружу, на волю)
9) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought а) выковывать;
придавать определенную форму Syn: forge I
2., shape
2. б) заниматься рукоделием, вышивать Syn: embroider
10) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать
11) вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.)
12) а) разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться( чего-л.) обманным путем б) разг. провоцировать на что-л., подстрекать( к чему-л.) ;
доводить себя до какого-л. состояния to work oneself into a rage ≈ довести себя до состояния исступления Syn: excite, provoke ∙ work against work away work for work in work off work on work out work over work up work upon to work it сл. ≈ достигнуть цели to work up to the curtain театр. ≈ играть под занавес работа, труд;
дело;
деятельность - difficult * трудная работа - * horse рабочая лошадь - * clothes рабочая одежда;
спецодежда - right to * право на труд - to do no * ничего не делать;
не трудиться - to set /to get/ to * (on) приняться за дело, начать работать - to set /to go/ about one's * приступать к работе, приниматься за дело - he does not go about his * in the right way он не с того конца берется за дело - to set smb. to * засадить кого-л. за работу, заставить кого-л. работать;
дать кому-л. дело /занятие/ - he is not fond of * он не любит трудиться - he is fond of his * он любит свое дело - I have * to do я занят, мне некогда - I have some * to do in the garden мне нужно кое-что сделать в саду - at * занятый на работе, особ. на постоянной;
действующий, функционирующий;
в действии, в ходу( о машине и т. п.) ;
оказывающий действие, воздействующий - to be at * upon smth. быть занятым чем-л.;
работать над чем-л. - factory at * действующий завод (т.е. не законсервированный) - loom at * включенный /работающий/ ткацкий станок - the forces at * действующие /движущие/ силы - in * в процессе изготовления;
имеющий работу( о рабочем) - three films are in * now в настоящее время готовятся три фильма - out of * безработный - to set a machine to * включить станок - the * of a moment минутное дело - a * of time работа, требующая большой затраты времени - a piece of * задание;
выполненная работа - to set smb. a piece of * дать кому-л. задание - a nice piece of * he has done here! вот это отличная работа!, как хорошо он выполнил работу! место работы;
занятие;
должность - at * на работе - father's at * now отец сейчас на работе - what time do you get to (your) *? когда вы приходите на работу? - he is looking for * он ищет работу - my * is in medicine я работаю в области медицины /я по професии медик/ вид деятельности - agricultural * сельскохозяйственные работы - construction * строительные работы - field * полевые работы - managerial * управленческая работа результат труда;
изделие;
продукт - bad /faulty/ * брак - the villagers sell their * to the tourists жители деревни продают свои изделия туристам произведение, творение, создание;
труд, сочинение - a * of art произведение искусства - *s of Shakespeare произведения /творения/ Шекспира - a learned * научный труд - * of genius гениальный труд - collected /complete/ *s (полное) собрание сочинений - selected *s избранные произведения - the * of God (религия) божье создание (о человеке) - the *s of God мир божий действие, поступок - dirty * грязное дело;
низкий поступок - you did a good day's * when you bought that house вы сделали хорошее дело, купив этот дом pl дела, деяния - *s of mercy благотворительность - good *s добрые дела;
(религия) благочестивые деяния - a person of good *s благотворитель - the *s of the devil козни дьявола - mighty *s чудеса - to reward /to render to/ smb. according to his *(s) (библеизм) воздать кому-л. по делам его результат воздействия, усилий - the broken window must be the * of the boys разбитое окно - это дело рук мальчишек - the brandy has done its * коньяк сделал свое дело - it's clever camera * это умная работа кинооператора рукоделие;
шитье, вышивание;
вязание - fancy * художественная вышивка - crochet * вязание крючком - open * прорезная гладь, ришелье;
ажурная строчка, мережка - plain * шитье - she took her * out into the garden она вышла с рукоделием в сад обработка;
предмет обработки;
обрабатываемая заготовка;
обрабатываемая деталь - hot * (техническое) горячая обработка( физическое) работа - unit of * единица работы (диалектизм) боль (специальное) пена при брожении;
брожение (сленг) крапленая кость > to have one's * cut out for one иметь перед собой трудную задачу;
придется потрудиться;
хлопот не оберешься > all in the day's * это все в порядке вещей;
это все нормально > not dry /thirsty/ * непыльная работенка > to make short /quick/ * of smth. быстро разделаться с чем-л. > to make short /quick/ * of smb. в два счета расправиться с кем-л. /отделаться от кого-л./ > to make a piece of * about smth. раздувать /преувеличивать/ трудность чего-л.;
делать из чего-л. целое дело /-ую историю/ > all * and no play makes Jack a dull boy (пословица) Джек в дружбе с делом, в ссоре с бездельем - бедняга Джек не знаком с весельем работать, трудиться - to * like a horse /like a navvy, like a slave / работать как вол - to * at smth. заниматься чем-л.;
работать над чем-л.;
изучать что-л. - to * at a question разрабатывать вопрос - we have no data to * on мы не можем работать, так как у нас нет исходных данных работать по найму;
служить - he isn't *ing now он сейчас не работает (безработный или на пенсии) - he *s in a factory он работает на заводе /на фабрике/ - they * for a farmer они работают у фермера заставлять работать - to * smb. to death свести кого-л. в могилу непосильным трудом - to * one's fingers to the bone измучить себя работой - she *s her servants too hard она совсем загоняла прислугу действовать, работать;
быть в исправности - the pump will not * насос не работает - the handle *s freely ручка поворачивается свободно - his heart is *ing badly у него плохо работает сердце приводить в движение или в действие - to * a ship управлять судном - to * a typewriter печатать на машинке - machinery *ed by electricity машины, приводимые в движение электричеством - he *ed his jaws у него задвигались желваки на скулах двигаться, быть в движении;
шевелиться - waves *ed to and fro волны метались - conscience was *ing within him в нем зашевелилась /проснулась/ совесть - his face *ed with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения - her mouth *ed у нее дрожали губы (past и p.p. тж. wrought;
on, upon) действовать, оказывать воздействие - to * on smb.'s sympathies стараться вызвать чье-л. сочувствие - the medicine did not * лекарство не подействовало /не возымело действия/ - it *ed like a charm( разговорное) это оказало магическое действие (past. и p.p. тж. wrought) обрабатывать;
разрабатывать - to * farmland обрабатывать землю - to * a quarry разрабатывать карьер - to * dough месить тесто - to * butter сбивать масло - to * a constituency обрабатывать избирателей - to * smb. to one's way of thinking склонять кого-л. на свою сторону;
внушать кому-л. свои убеждения - this salesman *s the North Wales district этот коммивояжер объезжает район Северного Уэльса (past и р.р. тж. wrought) поддаваться обработке, воздействию - butter *s more easily in this weather в такую погоду масло сбивается легче (тж. * out) отрабатывать, платить трудом - to * one's passage отработать проезд( на пароходе в качестве матроса и т. п.) ;
(сленг) не отлынивать от работы;
тянуть лямку вместе со всеми( разговорное) использовать - to * one's connections использовать свои связи - to * one's charm to get one's way использовать личное обаяние, чтобы добиться своего( разговорное) добиваться обманным путем;
вымогать, выманивать - he *ed the management for a ticket он ухитрился получить билет у администрации устраивать - I'll * it if I can я постараюсь это устроить заниматься рукоделием;
шить;
вышивать;
вязать - to * a design on linen вышивать узор на полотне - she is *ing a sweater она вяжет свитер( past и p.p. тж. wrought) вызывать, причинять (часто что-л. неожиданное или неприятное) - to * mischief сеять раздор - to * harm принести /причинить/ вред;
нанести ущерб;
наделать бед - to * the ruin of smb. погубить кого-л. - the storm *ed /wrought/ great ruin ураган произвел большие разрушения - time has *ed /wrought/ many changes время принесло много перемен - the frost *ed havoc with the crop мороз погубил урожай( past и р.р. тж. wrought) творить, создавать - to * wonders /miracles/ творить /делать/ чудеса - we must * our own happiness мы сами должны быть творцами своего счастья бродить (о напитках) вызывать брожение (о дрожжах и т. п.) будоражить (тж. * out, * up) вычислять (сумму) ;
решать (задачу и т. п.) - to * a problem in algebra решать алгебраическую задачу - to work against smb., smth. бороться против кого-л., чего-л. - to * against poverty бороться с нищетой - he has always *ed against reform он всегда противился проведению реформ - time is *ing against them время работает против них - to work for smth. бороться за что-л.;
содействовать чему-л.;
прилагать усилия для чего-л. - to * for peace бороться за мир - to * for the public good трудиться на благо общества - all things *ed for our good все обстоятельства благоприятствовали нам - to work (one's way) to /through, etc./ smth. пробираться, проникать куда-л. через что-л. - to * one's way upwards медленно взбираться на гору и т. п. - to * one's way down производить медленный и осторожный спуск с горы и т. п. - to * up to a climax приближаться к развязке - he *ed his way to the front of the crowd он протиснулся вперед через толпу - he *ed his way up to the presidency он пробился на пост председателя - the heavier particles * to the bottom тяжелые частицы медленно оседают на дно - her elbow has *ed through her sleeve у нее рукав протерся на локте (past и р.р. часто wrought) - to work smb. into a state, to work oneself into a state: - to * oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления - he *ed himself into a position of leadership он добился руководящего положения - to work smth. out of smth. с трудом извлекать что-л. откуда-л. - to * the key out of the hole с трудом вынуть ключ из замочной скважины - to work smth. into smth. с трудом втиснуть что-л. куда-л. - to * one's foot into a boot с трудом всунуть ногу в ботинок - to work (smb., smth.) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приводить( кого-л., что-л.) в какое-л. состояние - to * one's hands free высвободить руки - to * smb. free освобождать кого-л. - to * smth. tight постепенно затягивать что-л. - to work (oneself) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приходить в какое-л. состояние - to * oneself free с трудом освободиться( о связанном человеке) - to * tight постепенно затягиваться - the knot has *ed loose узел развязался - to work out at smth. составлять какое-л. число, выражаться в какой-л. цифре - the cost *ed out at $5 a head издержки составили 5 долларов на человека > to * one's will добиваться своего > to * one's will upon smb. навязывать кому-л. свою волю;
расправляться с кем-л. по своему усмотрению > it won't * это не выйдет;
номер не пройдет > I don't think your plan will * я не думаю, что ваш план осуществим > to * it (сленг) достигнуть цели > to * up to the curtain (театроведение) играть "под занавес" > to * to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку (выполнять работу по всем правилам с целью замедлить ее темп) able to ~ трудоспособный;
способный выполнять работу additional ~ дополнительная работа administrative ~ конторская работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственная работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственные работы all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) any ~ любая работа assessment ~ налог. работа по оценке недвижимого имущества autonomous ~ автономная работа batch ~ вчт. пакетная работа ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) blasting ~ подрывная работа casual ~ внеплановая работа casual ~ временная работа casual ~ нерегулярная работа casual ~ случайная работа cease ~ прекращать работу charity ~ благотворительная деятельность committee ~ работа комиссии community ~ общинные работы compiled ~ компиляция construction ~ строительная работа construction ~ строительные работы constructive social ~ полезная общественная работа continuous shift ~ непрерывная сменная работа contract ~ подрядная работа contract ~ работа, выполняемая по заказу contract ~ работа по договору copyright ~ произведение, охраняемое авторским правом ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов cottage ~ надомная работа cottage ~ надомный промысел day ~ дневная работа domestic ~ домашняя работа the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться educational ~ воспитательная работа educational ~ обучение excavation ~ выемка грунта, земляные работы extra ~ дополнительная работа field ~ полевые работы freelance ~ работа без контракта full-time ~ полная занятость full-time ~ работа, занимающая все рабочее время full-time ~ работа полный рабочий день to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу guarantee ~ гарантированный объем работы hard ~ рын.тр. тяжелая работа to set (или to get) to ~ приняться за дело;
to have one's work cut out for one иметь много дел, забот, работы ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими household ~ работа по дому I've had my ~ cut out for me y меня дела по горло in ~ имеющий работу;
out of work безработный;
to set (smb.) to work дать работу, засадить за работу industrial construction ~ строительство промышленного объекта intellectual ~ интеллектуальный труд interim audit ~ промежуточная ревизия interim audit ~ ревизия за неполный расчетный период it was the ~ of a moment to call him вызвать его было делом одной минуты it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес job ~ индивидуальное производство job ~ сдельная работа lay ~ социальная деятельность церкви literary ~ литературная работа literary ~ литературное произведение all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) manual ~ ручной труд manual ~ физический труд mechanical ~ механизированный труд mechanical ~ механическая работа medical social ~ медицинская социальная работа ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло mental health ~ работа по охране психического здоровья mind one's ~ заниматься своим делом mine ~ горные работы night ~ ночная работа night ~ работа в ночную смену occasional ~ временная работа occasional ~ случайная работа occupational ~ профессиональная работа occupational ~ работа по специальности office ~ канцелярская работа outdoor ~ работа вне стен учреждения outreach ~ мобильная социальная работа;
работа производимая мобильными группами overtime ~ сверхурочная работа own ~ собственная работа paid ~ оплаченная работа part-time ~ неполная занятость part-time ~ работа на неполный рабочий день part-time ~ работа неполное рабочее время part-time ~ работа неполный рабочий день part-time ~ частичная безработица permanent ~ постоянная работа physical ~ физическая работа, физический труд ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным preventive social ~ превентивная социальная работа;
работа по предупреждению (напр. наркомании, алкоголизма и т.д.) process ~ полигр. многокрасочная печать газетной продукции procure ~ обеспечивать работой production ~ произ. основное производство productive sheltered ~ производственная работа в специальных защищенных мастерских professional ~ профессиональная работа public health ~ работа по государственному здравоохранению ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает repair ~ ремонтная работа repetition ~ тех. массовое производство;
серийное производство;
шаблонная работа rotating shift ~ скользящий график работы sales ~ торговая деятельность salvage ~ спасательные работы seasonal ~ сезонная работа sheltered ~ защищенная работа;
система обеспечения рабочих мест для инвалидов в специальных мастерских или производственных участках предприятия shift ~ посменная работа shift ~ сменная работа short-time ~ временная работа short-time ~ кратковременная работа skilled ~ квалифицированная работа social case ~ общественная патронажная работа social group ~ работа социальной группы;
деятельность группы по социальным делам social ~ общественный труд social ~ патронаж social ~ социальная работа;
работа по обеспечению ухода за престарелыми и инвалидами stevedore ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stevedoring ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stowage ~ стивидорные работы temperance ~ работа по сдерживанию (употребления спиртных напитков и т. д.) temporary ~ временная работа ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке time ~ поденная работа translation ~ работа переводчика ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы unperformed ~ невыполненная работа urgent ~ срочная работа voluntary ~ добровольная работа ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок women's ~ женский труд work: to make short work( of smth., smb.) (быстро) разделаться (с чем-л.), расправиться (с кем-л.) ~ бродить или вызывать брожение ~ брожение ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ вести ~ (upon smth.) влиять( на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть ~ вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.) ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок ~ действие ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает ~ действовать ~ загрузка ~ заниматься рукоделием, вышивать ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ изделие ~ использовать в своих целях ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке ~ работать, быть специалистом, работать в (какой-л.) области ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ обрабатывать ~ обработанная деталь ~ обработка ~ обработка ~ pl общественные работы (тж. public works) ~ объем работы ~ приводить в движение или действие;
управлять( машиной и т. п.) ;
вести (предприятие) ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) придавать определенную форму или консистенцию;
месить;
ковать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) ~ продукция ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) ~ работа ~ (в некоторых значениях past & p. p. wrought) работать, заниматься (at - чем-л.) ~ работать ~ рабочее задание ~ разрабатывать ~ распутать, выпростать ( из чего-л.;
обыкн. work loose, work free of) ~ рукоделие, шитье, вышивание ~ pl технические сооружения;
строительные работы ~ труд ~ (обыкн. pl) воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления ~ эксплуатировать ~ библ. дела, деяния ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место( у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ for стремиться( к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ for a wage or salary работать по найму ~ for стремиться (к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место (у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ in пригнать ~ in проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими ~ in process незавершенное производство ~ in process обрабатываемое изделие ~ in process полуфабрикат ~ in progress выполняемая работа ~ in progress незавершенное производство ~ in progress on behalf of third parties работа, выполняемая в интересах третьих лиц to ~ against time стараться кончить к определенному сроку;
to work it sl. достигнуть цели to ~ like a horse (или a navvy, a nigger, a slave) работать как вол ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ of art произведение искусства ~ of comparable worth работа сопоставимой ценности ~ of reference упомянутая работа ~ of reference цитируемая работа ~ of seasonal nature сезонная работа ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper( on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ off распродать ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper (on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ on Sundays and public holidays работа по воскресеньям и в праздничные дни ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ out вычислять ~ out добиваться ~ out истощать ~ out определять путем вычисления ~ out отрабатывать ~ out отработать (долг и т. п.) ~ out получать в результате упорного труда ~ out разрабатывать (план) ;
составлять (документ) ;
подбирать цифры, цитаты ~ out разрабатывать план ~ out решать (задачу) ~ out вчт. решать ~ out вчт. решить ~ out с трудом добиться ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов ~ out составлять документ ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо to ~ side by side( with smb.) тесно сотрудничать( с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать( чему-л.) ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ to capacity работать с полной нагрузкой ~ to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку ~ to rule работа по правлиам (вид забастовки) ~ to rule работать строго по правилам ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) ~ to rule тормозить работу точным соблюдением всех правил to ~ side by side (with smb.) тесно сотрудничать (с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать (чему-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) действовать (на кого-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up добиваться ~ up доходить ~ up обрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) отделывать, придавать законченный вид ~ up отделывать ~ up приближаться ~ up придавать законченный вид ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) разрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) смешивать (составные части) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) собирать сведения( по какому-л. вопросу) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес ~ on = work upon ~ (upon smth.) влиять (на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть
См. также в других словарях:
party and party costs — noun an award granted by a court in a legal proceeding to one party requiring another party to pay an amount of the first partys legal costs, excluding lawyer fees … Wiktionary
Costs (English law) — Costs is a term of art in civil litigation in English law (the law of England and Wales), and in other Commonwealth jurisdictions. After judgment has been given, the judge has the power to order who will pay the lawyers fees and other… … Wikipedia
costs — I noun burden of expenditure, charges, damages, disbursement, expenditure, expenses, outlay, out of pocket expenses, payment, penalty associated concepts: award of costs in an action, awards for pain and suffering, bill of costs, certification of … Law dictionary
costs order — See order. A costs order is an instruction issued by a court or tribunal that one party to a claim should pay part or all of another party s costs. Related links claim order Practical Law Dictionary. Glossar … Law dictionary
costs de incremento — Costs awarded by the court and added to the damages assessed by the jury. At first, by the common law, no costs were awarded to either party eo nomine. If the plaintiff failed to recover he was amerced pro falso clamore. If he recovered judgment … Ballentine's law dictionary
costs only proceedings — The procedure to be followed where, before court proceedings are commenced, the parties to a dispute reach an agreement on all issues, including which party is to pay costs, but are unable to agree the amount of those costs (see CPR 44.12A ( … Law dictionary
costs in any event — A party s entitlement to costs of an issue or matter despite what happens in the rest of the proceedings. Practical Law Dictionary. Glossary of UK, US and international legal terms. www.practicallaw.com. 2010 … Law dictionary
costs to follow the event — costs awarded to the party who is the winner of the issue, matter or case. Practical Law Dictionary. Glossary of UK, US and international legal terms. www.practicallaw.com. 2010 … Law dictionary
costs of the day — Costs which are taxed against a party to an action in a proceeding which is incidental to the main action; costs incurred in preparing for trial set for a day certain … Ballentine's law dictionary
costs — A pecuniary allowance, made to the successful party (and recoverable from the losing party), for his expenses in prosecuting or defending an action or a distinct proceeding within an action. In federal courts, costs are allowed as a matter of… … Black's law dictionary
costs — A pecuniary allowance, made to the successful party (and recoverable from the losing party), for his expenses in prosecuting or defending an action or a distinct proceeding within an action. In federal courts, costs are allowed as a matter of… … Black's law dictionary